Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the base temperature of six lisianthus cultivars, grown at seven planting seasons in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The following cultivars were evaluated: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne, and Arena III Red. Base temperature was determined from the air temperature data collected daily, in each planting season, fusing the lowest variability and development ratio methods. The base temperature for lisianthus cultivars is between 14.0 and 15.0ºC, by the lowest variability method, and between 13.9 and 15.0ºC by the development ratio method. The highest thermal accumulation was obseerved in the second planting season (from 11/23/2017 to 02/22/2018) for all cultivars, and lower air temperatures during the growing season resulted in longer production cycles. In the seven planting seasons, the highest base temperature is 15.0ºC, obtained for cultivar Arena III Red, and the is 14°C, for all lisianthus cultivars.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base para seis cultivares de lisianto, cultivadas em sete épocas de plantio no município de Capão do Leão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As seguintes cultivares de lisianto froam avaliadas: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne e Arena III Red. A temperatura base foi determinada a partir dos dados de temperatura do ar coletados diariamente, em cada época de plantio, por meio dos métodos de menor variabilidade e razão de desenvolvimento. A temperatura base para as cultivares de lisianto é entre 14,0 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de menor variabilidade, e entre 13,9 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de razão de desenvolvimento. O maior acúmulo térmico foi observado na segunda época de cultivo (de 23/11/2017 a 22/02/2018) para todas as cultivares, e as menores temperaturas do ar, durante a estação de crescimento, resultaram em maiores ciclos produtivos. Nas sete épocas de plantio, a maior temperatura base é 15,0ºC, obtida para a cultivar Arena III Red, e a menor é 14,0oC, para todas as cultivares de lisianto.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y la calidad de lisianthus cultivado en diferentes sustratos de cascarilla de arroz. Los sustratos evaluados fueron: cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC; 100%); cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr; 100%); CAC (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%); y CACr (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%). Se analizaron la producción y partición de la materia seca (MS) de la planta, el área de la hoja del planta y la relación MS de la parte aérea/raíces. También fueron evaluados los parámetros de calidad del tallo de la flor (altura del tallo, diámetro y cantidad de flores y capullos). El sustrato 100% CACr redujo el crecimiento de las plantas y el formación de flores. Esto cambió la partición de materia seca entre los órganos de la planta. Los sustratos CACr + S10 y CAC proporcionaron tallos florales de calidad. Por lo tanto, ambos sustratos pueden ser utilizados para producir flores de lisianthus cortadas en el sistema de recirculación de nutrientes. Sin embargo, el sustrato CACr + S10 se destacó por aumentar el crecimiento de las plantas. Este resultado se atribuye la mejora de las propiedades físicas y químicas del sustrato CACr + S10, debido la presencia del abono orgánico, que benefició la capacidad de retención de agua y el CAC, que garantizó una alta porosidad de lo sustrato.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of lisianthus cultivated in different rice husk substrates. The evaluated substrates were: carbonized rice husk (CRH; 100%); raw rice husk (RRH; 100%); CRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%); and RRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%). Plant dry mass (DM) production and partitioning, plant leaf area and shoot/root DM ratio were analyzed. Quality parameters of the flower stems were also evaluated (length; diameter and number of flowers and buds). The RRH substrate at 100% reduced plant growth and prevented flower development. This modified dry mass partitioning among the plant organs. The substrates RRH + S10 and CRH provided quality flower stems. Thus, both substrates can be used to produce cut lisianthus flowers in recirculating nutrient systems. However, the RRH + S10 substrate stood out because it increased plant growth. This result is ascribed to the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of substrate RRH + S10 as a result of the presence of both the organic compost, which benefited the water holding capacity, and the RRH, which guaranteed high porosity to the substrate.

ABSTRACT: Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important crop and its cultivation has been expanded across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. Growing raspberries under plastic cover has becoming more common worldwide. This study investigated the effect of plastic cover on productive and morphological performance of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars, in southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with three raspberry cultivars, ‘Heritage’; ‘Fallgold’ and ‘Alemãzinha’; two cultivation systems, presence and absence of plastic cover; and two production cycles, fall and spring. We measured days from transplanting to flowering and harvesting. Plants were evaluated for dry mass of pruning, plant height, stem diameter, plant leaf area, fruit production, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal and transversal diameter, and harvesting period. Plastic cover reduced incident radiation on the canopy by 17 %. Cultivar ‘Heritage’ is early ripening in the fall cycle. The management under plastic cover prolonged the harvesting period of raspberries in the fall productive cycle for the cultivar ‘Heritage’ and, in spring, for cultivars ‘Alemãzinha’ and ‘Fallgold’. In the spring cycle, plants increased their leaf area, fruit production and number of fruits. The cultivar ‘Alemãzinha’ performed better in the spring cycle when managed under plastic cover and was more productive, with a longer productive cycle and larger fruits.

ABSTRACT With the advancement of small size tomato cultivation in recent years, studies on fruit grading are necessary to obtain a commercialization standard. Therefore, the objective of the work was to perform the grading, based on the fruit size of Grape and Cherry mini tomatoes, considering the effects of different cropping systems and defoliation levels. Tomato plants of Wanda Cherry Hybrid® and Dolcetto Grape Hybrid® varieties were grown in two closed soilless systems (troughs and pots), using substrate of raw rice husk, under three different defoliation intensities (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). For fruits grading, two sets of five sieves were used, with mesh drilling adapted for each variety. The chosen meshes were: 35, 30, 25, 20 and 0 mm for Cherry, and 25, 20, 15, 10 and 0 mm for Grape. From the beginning of the fruit harvest the variables of number and mean weight of fruits retained in each of the sieves were evaluated, for each variety. A total of 8284 fruits of the Cherry type and 8033 fruits of the Grape type were evaluated during seven months of harvest. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, linear regression, and comparison of means by the Tukey test. The obtained results indicated that defoliation reduced the amount of fruits grading as large for both Cherry and Grape varieties. The troughs system benefited the production of Grape variety fruits grading as large. The sieves 1, 2 and 3 are suitable for the fruits grading of both varieties. The grading of mini tomato fruits with the use of specific sieves for each type variety is feasible.

RESUMEN Con el aumento de la superficie cultivada de tomates de pequeño diámetro, es necesario establecer una normativa de clasificación para su comercialización. El objetivo del estudio es proponer una clasificación para tomates tipos Cereza y Grape en función al tamaño de los frutos, el efecto del sistema de cultivo y la intensidad del deshojado. Se cultivaron tomates tipo cereza Wanda y tipo Grape Dolcetto, bajo dos sistemas cerrados de cultivo sin suelo (canales y macetas). Se utilizó cáscara de arroz in natura como sustrato, con tres intensidades de deshojado (plantas con el simpodio completo; una y dos hojas eliminadas por simpodio). Para la clasificación de los frutos, se utilizó dos series de cinco tamices con mallas de perforaciones adaptadas a cada variedad. Se seleccionaron las siguientes mallas: para Cereza 35, 30, 25, 20 mm y recolector, y para Grape 25, 20, 15, 10 mm y recolector. A partir del inicio de la recolección de los frutos se han evaluado las variables número y peso medio de los frutos retenidos en cada uno de los tamices para cada una de las variedades. Se evaluaron 8.284 frutos del tipo Cereza y 8.033 del tipo Grape durante siete meses de cosecha. Los datos sometidos a un análisis de varianza, regresión lineal; las medias fueron comparadas con la prueba de Tukey. Los resultados indicaron que el deshojado disminuyó la cantidad de frutos clasificados como grandes para ambas variedades. El sistema de canales favoreció la producción de frutos clasificados como grandes para la variedad Grape. Los tamices 1, 2 y 3 fueron adecuados para la clasificación de los frutos de ambas variedades. Es posible ordenar el tamaño de frutos de tomates con el uso de tamices específicos para cada tipo de variedad.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação vegetativa de brotações caulinares de cultivares de framboeseira, no outono e no inverno. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Schöenmann, Willamette, Heritage, Polana, Indian Summer, Fall Gold, Golden Bliss e Bababerry. As avaliações, realizadas 90 dias após a instalação, em ambas estações, foram: porcentagem de estacas com calos, estacas enraizadas e sobreviventes; comprimento da maior raiz; massa seca de raízes e massa seca da parte aérea. É possível obter boas taxas de enraizamento de brotações caulinares de cultivares de framboeseiras no outono. As cultivares Bababerry, Schoenmann e Golden Bliss apresentaram maior percentual de enraizamento, seguidas por Heritage, Polana, Willamette e Fallgold. A cultivar Indian Summer teve o menor percentual e enraizamento no outono e no inverno.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate rooting of raspberry cultivars from leafy cuttings in two seasons, autumn and winter. The cultivars Schöenmann, Willamette, Heritage, Polana, Indian Summer, Fall Gold, Golden Bliss and Bababerry were evaluated. Assessments were done 90 days after the installation for both seasons, evaluating the following traits: percentage of cuttings with callus; rooted and live cuttings; the longest root length; and dry mass of roots and sprouting. The results showed that is possible to obtain good rooting rates from leafy cuttings of raspberry cultivars in autumn, and regular in winter. The cultivars Bababerry, Schoenmann and Golden Bliss had higher rooting percentage, followed by Heritage, Polana, Willamette and Fallgold. The cultivar Indian Summer had the lower rooting percentage in autumn and winter.

RESUMO. O emprego de casca de arroz in natura como substrato permite empregar sistemas de cultivo que promovam a reutilização do lixiviado em ciclos longos de produção, sendo importante estudar o manejo fitotécnico da cultura nesta condição. Os minitomates apresentam demanda de fotoassimilados relativamente pequena. Assim, a desfolha parcial do simpódio poderia beneficiar a cultura sem prejuízos à produção e qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, o comportamento produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de minitomateiro Cereja Híbrido Wanda e Grape Híbrido Dolcetto em dois sistemas fechados de cultivo (vasos e calhas), empregando casca de arroz in natura como substrato, sob três condições de desfolha (sem desfolha, retirada de uma e duas folhas do simpódio). A cultivar Cereja apresentou maior crescimento da planta, produção e tamanho médio de frutos. A cultivar Grape apresentou frutos com maior concentração de açúcares. Para cultivar Grape, a retirada de uma folha do simpódio não afetou as respostas produtivas. Entretanto, para cultivar Cereja é necessária a manutenção do simpódio completo. O sistema de cultivo em calhas melhora o crescimento e eleva as respostas produtivas, enquanto que o sistema de vasos aumenta a concentração de açúcares dos frutos.

ABSTRACT. The use of raw rice husk as substrate allows the use of crop systems that promote the recirculation of leachate in long crop cycles. Mini tomatoes present relatively low demand for photoassimilates. Thus, partial defoliation of the sympodium could benefit the crop without damage to the production or quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality of Cherry Hybrid Wanda and Grape Hybrid Dolcetto mini tomatoes cultivated in two recirculation crop systems (pots and troughs), using raw rice husk as substrate, under three defoliation conditions (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). The Cherry cultivar showed higher plant growth, fruit yield and mean fruit size. The Grape cultivar produced fruits with higher sugar concentration. For the Grape cultivar, the removal of one sympodium leaf did not affect the plant responses. However, for the Cherry cultivar, it was necessary to maintain the complete sympodium. The trough cultivation system improved plant growth and yield, whereas the pot system increased fruit sugar concentration.